Head and neck cancers occur due to prolonged exposure to specific risk

Currently identified causes of HNC include

• use of tobacco, including smokeless tobacco; 85% of head and neck cancers are linked to tobacco use, and the amount of tobacco use may affect prognosis, which is the chance of recovery.
• excessive alcohol consumption; and
• viruses such as HPV and Epstein-Barr (the virus that causes mononucleosis or “mono,” plays a role in the development of nasopharyngeal cancer)

Other factors that have been reported to increase the risk for Head & Neck Cancer include:

• Prolonged sun exposure. This is especially linked to cancer in the lip area, as well skin cancer of the head and neck.
• Human papillomavirus (HPV). Research shows that infection with HPV is a risk factor for head and neck cancer. Sexual activity with a person who has HPV is the most common way someone gets HPV. There are different types of HPV, called strains. Research links some HPV strains more strongly with certain types of cancers. There are vaccines available to protect you from the HPV strains that cause head and neck cancer. See Latest Research for more information.
• Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Exposure to EBV, which is more commonly known as the virus that causes mononucleosis or “mono,” plays a role in the development of nasopharyngeal cancer.
• Gender. Men are 2 to 3 times more likely than women to develop head and neck cancer. However, the rate of head and neck cancer in women has been rising for several decades.
• Age. People over the age of 40 are at higher risk for head and neck cancer.
• Poor oral and dental hygiene. Poor care of the mouth and teeth may increase the risk of head and neck cancer.
• Environmental or occupational inhalants. Inhaling asbestos, wood dust, paint fumes, and certain chemicals may increase a person’s risk of head and neck cancer.
• Marijuana use. Research suggests that people who have used marijuana may be at higher risk for head and neck cancer.
• Poor nutrition. A diet low in vitamins A and B can raise a person’s risk of head and neck cancer.
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPRD). Reflux of stomach acid into the upper airway and throat may be associated with the development of head and neck cancer.
• Weakened immune system. A weakened immune system can raise a person’s risk of head and neck cancer.